Geological processes refer to the various natural forces and phenomena that shape the Earth's surface and subsurface over time. These processes include plate tectonics, erosion, weathering, and volcanic activity. They are responsible for creating landforms such as mountains, valleys, and coastlines, as well as mineral deposits and fossil fuels. Understanding geological processes is essential for predicting natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic eruptions, as well as for resource exploration and environmental conservation. Scientists study these processes through field observations, laboratory experiments, and computer modeling to gain insights into the Earth's past, present, and future.